Gender-based violence is a pervasive issue that transcends geographical, social, and economic boundaries. However, its manifestation is deeply entrenched in cultural norms and traditions, making it difficult to address and eradicate. Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) is often perpetuated under the guise of tradition, familial honor, and societal expectations, leaving many victims without a voice or recourse. 

The Weight of Tradition 

Culture plays a fundamental role in shaping the behaviors and attitudes of individuals within a society. Unfortunately, many cultural practices reinforce gender inequalities, thereby normalizing violence against women and marginalized groups. Practices such as child marriage, female genital mutilation (FGM), widow inheritance, and honor killings are stark examples of how deeply ingrained norms perpetuate SGBV. In many communities, women and girls are viewed as property, their autonomy restricted by outdated traditions that prioritize male dominance and control. 

How Cultural Norms Contribute to SGBV 

Cultural norms and traditions shape the way societies perceive power, control, and gender roles, often reinforcing conditions that allow SGBV to thrive. Below are key ways these norms contribute to violence: 

1. Gender Inequality and Patriarchy 

Many cultures uphold patriarchal systems where men are viewed as dominant figures and women as subordinates. This power imbalance fosters control and entitlement, making SGBV more likely to occur. In such societies, violence—whether physical, emotional, or sexual—is often dismissed as a private matter or a disciplinary measure rather than a violation of human rights. While women and girls are disproportionately affected by SGBV, it is important to recognize that men and boys can also be victims of abuse, though their experiences are often overlooked due to stigma and societal expectations of masculinity. 

2. Harmful Traditional Practices 

Certain cultural traditions reinforce gender discrimination and contribute directly to SGBV. Some examples include: 

Child Marriage: Girls are forced into early marriages, exposing them to marital rape, domestic violence, and lack of education. 

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): A practice that violates bodily autonomy and can lead to severe physical and psychological consequences. Data from the 2021 Multiple Indicator Survey (MICS) puts the prevalence around 15% of women aged 15-49, with certain regions exhibiting much higher rates. 

Bride Price/Dowry: The exchange of wealth for a bride can reinforce the idea that women are property, making them more vulnerable to violence and mistreatment. 

3. Normalization of Domestic Violence 

In some cultures, domestic violence is considered a private issue rather than a crime. Women who experience abuse are often pressured to endure it in silence to preserve family honor. Some traditions even dictate that a woman must obey her husband unquestioningly, leaving little room for agency or protection from violence. 

4. Victim-Blaming and Stigma 

Cultural norms often blame victims of sexual violence rather than holding perpetrators accountable. Women who report rape or abuse may be accused of dressing provocatively, behaving inappropriately, or bringing shame to their families. This discourages survivors from speaking out, allowing violence to continue unchecked. 

5. Honor-Based Violence 

In some societies, women and girls are expected to uphold family honor, and any deviation—real or perceived—can lead to violence. Practices such as honor killings occur when families believe a woman has dishonored them through relationships, refusing marriage, or even being a victim of rape. 

6. Religious and Social Justifications 

Religious and cultural beliefs are sometimes misused to justify SGBV. Certain interpretations of religious texts or customary laws reinforce male dominance and discourage women from seeking justice. In some cases, sexual violence is used as a punishment for perceived moral failings. 

Legal and Institutional Barriers 

In Nigeria, SGBV remains a significant concern. According to the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2018, 30% of women aged 15-49 have experienced physical violence, while 7% have experienced sexual violence. Certain regions report even higher prevalence rates due to cultural practices and conflict situations. 

Many cultures lack legal protections against SGBV, or existing laws are weakly enforced due to cultural attitudes. Some societies prioritize reconciliation over justice, forcing survivors to marry their rapists or settle disputes through traditional mechanisms that favor perpetrators. 

The Violence Against Persons Prohibition (VAPP) Act, passed in 2015, aims to address SGBV in Nigeria by providing legal protection and sanctions. However, its implementation remains weak in many states, particularly where cultural norms conflict with legal standards. 

Call to Action 

Efforts to address SGBV must include engaging men and boys as allies, strengthening legal frameworks, promoting educational interventions, and improving access to survivor-centered support services.

Achieving cultural transformation requires the commitment of all stakeholders, including traditional leaders, policymakers, religious figures, and community members. Only through collective effort can we unmask the silent enabler of SGBV and build a society grounded in dignity, equality, and justice.